开幕/闭幕式 opening/closing ceremony
开幕词 opening speech/address
致开幕词 make an opening speech
友好访问 goodwill visit
阁下 Your/His/Her Honor/Excellency
贵宾 distinguished guest
尊敬的市长先生 Respected r
远道而来/来自大洋彼岸的朋友 friends coming from a distant land/the other side of the Pacific
东道国 host country
宣布……开幕 declare……open
值此之际 on the occasion of
借此机会 take this opportunity to
以……名义 in the name of
本着……精神 in the spirit of
代表 on the behalf of
由衷的谢意 heartfelt thanks
友好款待 gracious hospitality
正式邀请 official invitation
回顾过去 look back on
展望未来 look ahead/look into the future
最后 in closing
圆满成功 a complete success
提议祝酒 propose a toast
第二部分 词语扩展
一、政治词汇
亚太地区 Asian-Pacific region
建交 establishment of diplomatic relations between
互访 exchange of visit
外交政策 foreign policy
一贯奉行 in persistent pursuit of
平等互利 equality and mutual benefit
双边关系 bilateral relations
持久和平 lasting peace
二、政治词汇
贸易额 trade volume
商业界 business community
跨国公司 transnational corporation
经济强国/经济大国/经济列强（视具体情况翻译）economic power
出国要小心的五个地方（1）
Cultural practices, cultural differences, local manners, and mores: traveling the globe can be a behavioral minefield, even when you have the best intentions. Everything from greeting to eating can be an opportunity to do the wrong thing, and not only embarrass yourself, but offend your host countrymen. Look out for the following cultural mistakes and try to avoid them while going abroad.
文化习惯、文化差异、当地礼仪和风俗：即使你怀着良好的意愿，这些文化陷阱也可能让你的环球旅游险象环生。从问候到饮食，稍不留神就会出差错，不仅让自己难堪，还有可能冒犯东道主。到国外时要特别留心并尽量避免误入以下几种文化陷阱。
hing Someone 触摸他人
Where It's Offensive: Korea, Thailand, China, Europe, the Middle East.
禁忌地：韩国、泰国、欧洲、中东
What's Offensive 禁忌:
Personal space varies as you travel the globe. In Mediterranean countries, if you refrain from touching someone's arm when talking to them or if you don't greet them with kisses or a warm embrace, you'll be considered cold. But backslap someone who isn't a family member or a good friend in Korea, and you'll make them uncomfortable. In Thailand, the head is considered sacred--never even pat a child on the head.
个人空间的概念因地而异。在地中海国家，如果你和别人交谈时没有碰对方的手臂，或见面问候时没和对方亲吻拥抱，别人会认为你不热情。但在韩国，拍别人的背会让对方感觉不安，除非此人是你的家庭成员或好友。在泰国，头是很神圣的部位——就算是小孩子的头也不要随便乱拍。
What You Should Do Instead 对策:
Observe what locals are doing and follow suit. In Eastern countries remember that touching and public displays of affection are unacceptable. In places like Qatar and Saudi Arabia, men and women are forbidden from interacting, let along touching.
观察当地人的一举一动并照着做。记住，在东方国家，身体接触或在公众场合流露感情往往不被人接受。在卡塔尔和沙特阿拉伯这样的地方，男女交往都被禁止，更不要说身体接触了。
ing Your Nose 擤鼻涕
Where It's Offensive: Japan, China, Saudi Arabia, France.
禁忌地：日本、沙特阿拉伯、法国
What's Offensive 禁忌:
Some cultures find it disgusting to blow your nose in public--especially at the table. The Japanese and Chinese are also repelled by the idea of a handkerchief.
有些文化认为当众擤鼻涕是让人厌恶的行为——尤其在餐桌上。日本人还排斥使用手帕。
What You Should Do Instead 对策:
If traveling through Eastern and Asian countries, leave the hankies at home and opt for disposable tissues instead. In France as well as in Eastern countries, if you're dining and need to clear your nasal passages, excuse yourself and head to the restroom. Worst-case scenario: make an exaggerated effort to steer away from the table. Let's hope you don't have a cold.
到东方或亚洲国家旅游时，把手帕留在家中，选择用一次性纸巾吧！在法国以及一些东方国家，如果在就餐过程中你需要擤鼻涕，要先说声“请原谅”再去洗手间。最糟糕的情景是：极为夸张地从餐桌上扭过头去擤鼻涕。还是祈祷自己不要感冒吧！
ing Over Dinner 就餐时谈话
Where It's Offensive: Africa, Japan, Thailand, China, Finland.
禁忌地：非洲、日本、泰国、芬兰
What's Offensive 禁忌:
In some countries, like China, Japan, and some African nations, the food's the thing, so don't start chatting about your day's adventures while everyone else is digging into dinner. You'll likely be met with silence--not because your group is unfriendly, but because mealtimes are for eating, not talking. Also avoid conversations in places a country might consider sacred or reflective--churches in Europe, temples in Thailand, and saunas in Finland.
在日本和一些非洲国家，吃饭就是吃饭，所以当其他人都在大快朵颐时，不要谈论你当天的经历。你可能会遭遇沉默——这并非你的同伴不友好，而是因为就餐时间只应吃饭，无需交谈。也要避免在一些被认为是神圣或需要沉思的地方谈话——比如欧洲的教堂、泰国的庙宇和芬兰的桑拿浴室。
What You Should Do Instead 对策:
Keep quiet! 保持沉默！
ving Your Shoes…or Not 脱鞋......与否
Where It's Offensive: Hawaii, the South Pacific, Korea, China, Thailand.
禁忌地：夏威夷、太平洋群岛、韩国、泰国
What's Offensive 禁忌:
Take off your shoes when arriving at the door of a London dinner party and the hostess will find you uncivilized, but fail to remove your shoes before entering a home in Asia, Hawaii, or the Pacific Islands and you'll be considered disrespectful. Not only does shoe removal very practically keeps sand and dirt out of the house, it's a sign of leaving the outside world behind.
到伦敦人家里参加宴会时脱掉鞋子，女主人会认为你不文明，但去亚洲、夏威夷或太平洋群岛的居民家中不脱鞋却被认为失礼。脱掉鞋子不仅把沙粒与尘土留在了门外，更意味着把外面的世界抛之脑后。
What You Should Do Instead 对策:
If you see a row of shoes at the door, start undoing your laces. If not, keep the shoes on.
如果你在门口看到一排鞋子，就解开自己的鞋带。否则，就穿鞋进去吧！
ing Your Right from Your Left 分清左右手
Where It's Offensive: India, Morocco, Africa, the Middle East.
禁忌地：印度、非洲、中东
What's Offensive 禁忌:
Many cultures still prefer to eat using traditional methods--their hands. In these cases, food is often offered communally, which is why it's important to wash your hands before eating and observe the right-hand-is-for-eating and the left-hand-is-for-other-duties rule. If you eat with your left hand, expect your fellow diners to be mortified. And when partaking from a communal bowl, stick to a portion that's closest to you. Do not get greedy and plunge your hand into the center.
许多文化依然推崇传统的进食方式——用手吃。在这种情况下，食物往往是众人一起分享的'，因此饭前洗手很重要，而且要遵守用右手吃东西的习俗（左手往往有其他用途）。如果你用左手吃，同伴会感觉蒙受羞辱。当大家一起从公共的碗里取食时，就吃离你最近的那部分吧，不要贪婪地把手伸向饭碗中央。
What You Should Do Instead 对策:
Left-handed? Attempt to be ambidextrous--even children who are left-handed in these cultures are taught to eat with their right hand--or at least explain yourself to your fellow diners before plunging in.
你是左撇子吗？还是努力让自己的双手都灵巧吧——在这些文化里，即使是左撇子的孩子也被教会用右手吃饭——或者至少吃饭前向同伴解释一下。
Once you are on the ground of a different country, remain highly sensitive to native behavior. Never be completely surprised by anything; try to take it in stride, and don't feel offended if something seems offensive--like queue jumping. After all, this is a global village, and we are all very different.
一旦你踏上异国的土地，就要对当地人的一举一动高度敏感。千万不要大惊小怪，尽量使自己泰然自若，对一些看似无礼的行为也不要恼火——比如插队。毕竟，我们生活在一个地球村，不同的文化构成了我们共同的家园。
煮酒话英文
西方人将酒大致分成三类：1. liquor 烈酒，包括brandy 白兰地、whiskey 威士忌、vodka 伏特加、tequila 龙舌兰等；2. beer 啤酒；3. wine 葡萄酒和水果酒。除此之外，还有cocktail 鸡尾酒、mixed drink 调酒、liqueur利口酒（具甜味而芳香的烈酒）。
好朋友一起喝酒，往往未动筷吃菜就先干三杯，"Cheers"之声不绝于耳，而且必须Bottoms up（干杯，杯底不要养金鱼）。“干杯”还有其他的英文说法，Let's make a toast.是其中一个。据说，从前人们在喝酒的时候，为了加重酒味，会在杯子里放一小片土司，而这就是这句话的由来。
英文中喝酒喝很多的人是heavy drinkers（酒鬼，就像把瘾君子叫做heavy smokers一样），而形容一个人喝很多酒、很会喝酒则是drink like a fish，即牛饮、海量。
喜欢喝酒的人不仅自己喝，也喜欢劝别人喝。劝酒就是强迫别人喝酒，英文叫做force others to drink。但是，如果是跟外国人一起喝酒的场合，这一点必须小心为好。
Drinking Alcohol the Wrong Way 饮酒礼仪
Where It's Offensive: Latin America, France, South Korea, Russia. 禁忌地：拉丁美洲、法国、韩国、俄罗斯
What's Offensive: Every culture has different traditions when it comes to drinking etiquette. Fail to consume a vodka shot in one gulp in Russia, and your host will not be impressed. Refill your own wine glass in France without offering more to the rest of the table, and you've made a faux pas. In South Korea, women can pour only men's drinks--not other women's--and if you want a refill, you need to drain your glass. And if you're in Latin America, never pour with your left hand--that's bad luck.
不同文化的饮酒礼仪也迥异。在俄罗斯，你若不能一口喝完杯中的伏特加酒，主人就会很不满意。而在法国，只给自己添酒而不顾及同桌的其他客人，会被看作失礼。在韩国，女性只能给男性倒酒——不能为其他女性倒酒——如果你想添酒，要先把杯里的酒喝干。在拉丁美洲，千万不要用左手倒酒——那会带来坏运气。
What You Should Do Instead: Until you're culturally fluent, leave it to your pals to pour.
对策：除非你对当地文化了如指掌，倒酒这种活儿还是留给你的同伴吧！
英文里还有和饮酒相关的，有趣且实用的说法：
1 quit drinking 戒酒
想表达“滴酒不沾”的意思，可以说：I don't want to drink anything with alcohol，千万别说成：I don't want to drink anything，否则别人可能误以为你连水、咖啡和果汁都不喝了。
2 借酒浇愁
想表达“借酒浇愁”的时候可以说：My wife drives me to drink 我的太太逼得我借酒消愁。
3 再来一杯
如果你已经点了一杯酒，但后来又想点二杯，你就可以说：Make it two. 或者Make that a double, please. 这里的make 是不是既简单又生动?
4 喝醉了
喝醉的人很少会承认自己喝醉，他们总是喜欢说：Let's go bar-hopping. 咱们再喝一轮。Let's drink till we drop. 一醉方休。 I am still sober. 我很清醒。要是你想强调自己非常清醒的话，则可以说：I am stone sober. 或是I am cold sober。
如果要说自己醉了的话，就是：I am drunk. 俚语的说法可以把 drunk 换成afloat, all at sea, bashed, belted 或是 boozed。还有一个跟醉酒有关的词叫 hangover宿醉，也就是指喝醉酒后隔天早上醒来头痛等等的症状。
中外文化差异与礼仪
第一幕：一位学校领导向教师们介绍新来的美国老师
Ladies and gentlemen, I'm delighted to introduce to you a very pretty girl, Miss Brown. She is a very good teacher from the USA.对这番话，美国女教师一脸难堪的样子。
文化差异：中国人介绍来宾，喜欢用褒扬的话语言辞。但美国人认为，初次结识，相互介绍，不必评头论足。凡是主观性的评论，尽管是美言，也会给人唐突、强加的感觉。对以上那番话，美国女教师感到难堪的是pretty和good两个词。在那种场合，介绍应该突出背介绍人的身份、学历、职务等，而不应该是外貌和抽象的评论。相比之下，如果把pretty和good改成实际教育背景和经历，这样的介绍句比较客观，令人容易接受。比较下面改变措辞的介绍：
Ladies and gentlemen, I'm delighted to introduce to you a new teacher from the USA., Miss Ann Brown. She is a doctor of American Literature with experience of teaching English as a Foreign Language.
特别忠告：介绍客人要介绍客观事实，不要主观评论。要注重身份，不要着眼外貌。
第二幕：一位美国同事感冒了，中国同事表示关心
Chinese: You look pale. What's the matter?
American: I'm feeling sick. A cold, maybe.
Chinese: Go and see the doctor. Drink more water. Did you take any pills? Chinese medicine works wonderful. Would you like to try? Put on more clothes. Have a good rest.
American: You are not my mother, are you?
文化差异：美国人比较看中个人的独立性。受人照顾往往被视为弱者。给对方出主意或提建议时，不能使对方认为自己小看他的能力。美国人对上面第一句话的反应通常是"Take care of yourself. I hope you'll be better soon."不必教人怎么做。中国人则以出主意提建议表示关心，而且以兄弟姐妹或父母亲人的口吻，或以过来人的口气，这对美国人行不通。
特别忠告：对病人表示关心，不必尽提建议。
特别成就感：
（1）I'm sorry to hear that (you've got a bad cold).
(2)I hope you'll be all right very soon.
(3)Take extra care of yourself.
(4)That's too bad. What's the matter?
(5)How are you feeling now?
第三幕：有空来坐坐
一位美国教师在中国任教，中国同事总是对她说："有空来坐坐"。可是，半年过去了，美国同事从来没有上过门。中国同事又对她说："我真的欢迎你来家里坐坐。如果没空的话，随时打电话来聊聊也行。"一年下来，美国同事既没有来电话，也没有来访。奇怪的事，这位美国人常为没人邀请她而苦恼。
文化差异：中国亲朋好友合同事之间的串门很随便，邀请别人来访无需喂对方确定时间，自己去探访别人无需郑重其事征得同意。美国人则没有串门的习惯。一年内遇到大节日，亲朋好友才到家里聚一聚。平时如果有事上门，实现要有时间确切的预约。没有得到对方的应允，随时随地随便上门时不礼貌的行为。因此，美国同事对"有空来坐坐"这句话只当作虚礼客套，不当作正式邀请。无事打电话闲聊也是美国人视为打乱别人私人时间和活动安排的毛是行为。若想邀请美国人上门，应当诚意的于对方商定一个互相都方便的时间。
特别忠告：有心约会要主动约时间地点
特别成就感：
（1）.I'd like to make an appointment with you. When will you be free/available?
(2). Let's get together some time next week. What date do you suggest?
(3). How about coming to my place for dinner this Saturday?
(4). I'd like to… What time would be convenient for you?
(5). Would…suit you?
(6). I wonder if we could arrange a meeting…
(7). Do you happen to be free on…?
(8). Have you got any plan for this weekend? How about…?
(9). I am having some friends around during the weekend. Would you like to join us?
Etiquette of a Gentleman(二)——绅士礼仪(二)
The basic of Chivalry
In addition to the aforementioned rules(General Etiquette), gentleman should follow these additional rules when in the presence of a lady. Chivalry may be on life support, but it not dead yet. Be one of the few to keep this flame burning for many years to come.
ALWAYS OPEN DOORS
This is perhaps the most basic rule of male etiquette out there. It is also one of the easiest to follow so you have no reason to forget it. Whether she is about to enter your car, restaurant, club, or anyplace with a door, you should always hold it open. If there are many doors, then hold them open one after another.
PUT ON HER COAT
Always help a lady put on her coat or overgarment. This is a simple but powerful action.
HELP WITH HER SEAT
If an unaccompanied lady is sitting next to you,it is important that you help her be seated by pulling her chair out for her and gently pushing it back into place, with the lady seated of course.
GIVE UP YOUR SEAT
If a lady arrives at the table and there are no available seats, you should stand up and offer yours to her.
STAND AT ATTENTION
Always stand when a lady enters or exists the room. This rule has been somewhat relaxed, so you can stand upon entrance but remain seated upon exit. Nonethelss, if you cn do both, you should.
GIVE HER YOUR ARM
When escorting a lady (that you know) to and from social events, you should offer her your arm. This is a little more intimate, but serves well when walking on uneven ground-especially if she’s wearing high heels.
ASK IF SHE NEEDS ANYTHING
This is one that most guys already do, but helps complete a gentleman. When at social events, make sure to ask the lady if you can get her something to drink or eat, (depending on the event), show her that you care about her comfort and needs.
Gentlemen, if I may call you that, these are the rules of etiquette you should observe in everyday life. Elevate yourself above the rabble and display the mannerisms of a true gentleman. The world will appreciate such a rarity and your career will most definitely benefit from your good manners and savoir-faire.
——By Michael Bucci
Etiquette of a Gentleman(一)——绅士礼仪(一)
One only needs to take a quick glance around to notice that thhere are very few true gentleman remaining among us. In times past, a gentleman was much appreciated and being gentlemanly was a noble thing.
Alas, things have changed in today’s society; some for the better and some for the worse. One thing that particularly irks me is the lack of good taste and etiquette most guys are guilty of at the turn of this new millennium.
I’m not saying that man should act like robots and be slaves to etiquette, but some basic good manners will go a long way in helping you during your asent to the top.
What I’ve done is compile a quick list of tips that will help turn even the blundering fool into a proper gentleman. Follow these simple tips and I can assure you that people will perceive you as a man of good breeding and taste, hence a man they wish to associate and conduct business with. Not to mention the fact that the ladies are always quite pleased to meet a real gentleman.
General Etiquette
ALWAYS BE POLITE
Even if you don’t like someone, there is no need to lower yourself to their level. Be polite and courteous; show that you’re the better man.
DO NOT CURSE
Swearing is a big no-no. It shows that you don’t have the vocabulary to express your thoughts appropriately. Furthermore, it is always very crude and impolite to be vulgar.
DO NOT SPEAK LOUDLY
When you speak loudly, it raises the stress level among company. It always implied that you can’t reason with people and rely on “brute force” to get your point across. It also draws attention—negative attention.
DO NOT LOSE YOUR TEMPER
When you lose your temper, you are showing everyone that you can’t control your emotions. If you can’t even control yourself, then how can you possibly control anything else? Keep you cool at all times (it won’t be easy but it is worth the effort) and people will take positive note of your level-headedness.
DO NOT STARE
Ogling someone is the equivalent of psychological aggression. You don’t want to intimidate people for no reason.
DO NOT INTERRUPT
Let people finish what they are saying before adding your comments. Interrupting others is a sign of poor etiquette and a lack of social skills. If you want to come across as egotistical, you can so by constantly interrupting.
DO NOT SPIT
A lot of men do this almost subconsciously. Spitting is very crude and not too pretty to look at. Do not spit in public unless you want to look like you were raised in a sewer.
RESPECT YOUR ELDERS
In fact, you should respect others as you would like them to respect you. I am specifying elders because it seems today, young men think they know it all. Well, they don’t. Just think of yourself five years ago…you’re much smarter and experienced today, aren’t you? Of course, yet you thought you knew it all five years ago.
DO NOT LAUGH AT OTHERS' MISTAKES
This is perhaps one of the crudest things one can do. When you mess up, the last thing you want is for someone not only to bring it to your attention, but to ridicule you on top of that.
REMOVE YOUR HAT INDOORS
This rule seems to have gone out the window these days. You should remove your headwear upon entering a building. Furthermore, never keep your hat on while at the dinner table. It reflects very poor etiquette.
WAITING FOR SEATING BEFORE EATING
When sitting down for a meal, you should wait until all the guests are properly seated and ready to commence the meal before eating. Everyone should start dining at the same time, this is a subtle but very important rule.