浅议英语写作中的“中国式”英语问题及相应教学策略

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论文关键词:  中国式英语 教学策略

浅议英语写作中的“中国式”英语问题及相应教学策略

论文摘 要: 中国式英语是中生英语写作中存在的最普遍的问题,其产生的根本原因是母语思维模式的负迁移,主要表现在措辞和句式两个方面。本文从跨意识、思维模式、目的语的输入和写作评估四个方面提出了英语写作教学策略,以提高学生的英语写作水平。
  
  中国式英语是中国的英语学习者和使用者由于受母语的干扰和影响,硬套规则和习惯,在英语交际中出现的不合规范或不合英语文化习惯的畸形英语。其产生的根本原因是母语思维模式的负迁移。正因为思维、文化和写作密不可分,所以不顾及中西文化和汉英思维差异的写作教学是失败的。培养学生的跨文化意识,强化英语写作思维模式,学习符合英语习惯的表达方式是英语写作教学要解决的首要问题。只有在此基础上,学生已有的英语知识才能合理构建、正确输出。
  一、中国式英语在写作中的主要表现形式
  1.词汇方面
  1.1用词不当。由于受到汉语对等词或词组的影响,学生常常生搬硬套,把汉语逐字成英语,出现了许多用词不当的错误。例如:
  (1)I had to learn to talk to them and make them leave with satisfactory.
  (2)Learning aims at serving for the society.
  例(1)中“with satisfactory”直接表达就是“with smile”。例(2)中“serve for the society(服务于)”是中国人常用的“高调式”表达方式,而西方人是不会接受的,应为“surviving in the competitive society”。
  1.2词汇冗余。在汉语作文中,往往会出现大量的优美词语,而在英文中则最忌讳“flowery words”,用词简洁明了是英文写作的原则之一。由于对英语词汇的理解不够确切,学生通常会把简单的词汇弄得画蛇添足。例如:
  (3)Personally speaking,I think social practice plays an important role in learning knowledge.
  (4)Moreover,social practice can practice our work ability which will be needed in the work world.
  例(3)中“personally speaking和“I think”表达的意思一样,应去掉一个;“learning”有“学习知识”的意思,后面的“knowledge”可以去掉。例(4)中“work”是不必要的冗余词汇;“necessary”可以代替“which will be needed”这一定语从句。
  1.3搭配不当。学生往往把词语和语境孤立,忽略了词汇的文化伴随意义,因此写作中受汉语影响,产生词汇搭配不当的错误。例如:
  (5)Just because the parents and the teachers pay special attention on their children’s class learning,social practice was neglected.(al performance)
  (6)Working experience will benefit you when you are finding a job.(ing)
  2.句法方面
  2.1语态错误。汉语中被动语态很少使用,而且是通过附加词“被”来实现的。而英语中被动语态使用频率较高,通过被动结构“be+动词的过去分词”来实现。于是,汉语和英语对于语态使用的完全不同常导致学生写出中式语态英语。例如:
  (7)That was surprised me very much and made me realized the social reality is important in education.(应去掉was;realized改为realize)
  (8)The talent must have social practice and theory.(have应改为be equipped with both)
  例(7)中“使……惊讶”应为主动式;“使我意识到……”这一短语中,宾语与宾补之间是主动关系,应为动词原形。例(8)中,巧妙地使用被动语态可以化解中式英语现象,同时还可避免一些歧义。
  2.2句式过于单一。英语句式具有多变性,读起来感觉形象生动。而学生在写作中,受较为固定的汉语句式影响,往往使用一连串的简单句或雷同的复合句,造成句式单一,读起来感到单调乏味。例如:
  (11)误:It is important for the students to know the world outside the use now the society is developing quickly.
  正:With the development of the society,it’s important for the students to know the world outside the campus.
  (12)误:As majoring in English,we do family education offer opportunities to display our ability.
  正:Being a tutor offers us,English majors opportunities to project our ability.
  3.语篇层面
  3.1语篇衔接。一个有效的段落必须具备统一性、连贯性,即段落内句子之间的连接要清楚、自然,前后必须呼应。“中式英语”在语篇上主要表现为不使用词语或使用得不够准确。例如:
  (13)To a player,they should take each match seriously,like Gump said you never know what you are going to get;they should prepare it to make themselves on the best condition;in normal times they should practice diligently,because each person was progressing and we did not know what level the opponent has reached.
  (14)I am a sophomore in TYUT.I major in English and I like it very much.I am an easy-going a matter of fact I am not very beautiful and a little fat.
  例(13)中作者对本校篮球队提出三点建议,应加一个主题句,并将三条建议用连接词分开:To ensure the success,I insist that players do the following three “should”s,firstly,ndly,dly,...。例(14)段落内容非常松散,若加上逻辑词语就能变得主题突出、结构紧凑、富有说服力了:I am a sophomore in TYUT,majoring in English which is to my des,in spite of my plain face and fat figure,I am an easy-going girl.
  3.2写作习惯。英语文章一般强调用事实说话,语气比较适中;而中国学生写作时比较注重文章的感染力,以自己的格调表示立场或态度,主观性过强。例如:
  (15)Everyone can’t still be a child,one day you’ll become must learn the real thing from the ety is real,even cruel,you’ll never know what will happen to yone has his or her own position,you have to work hard and get al practice in education is le or students need to improve their social skills.
  该段中的“everyone can’t,we must,you’ll,you have to,people or students need to”都让人感觉非常主观、强硬,不符合英文的行文方式。
  二、中国学生中国式英语写作现状
  对比中英文写作,结合教学实践和,本文出中国学生的几大写作特点。
  ①写作目的含糊不明。英语是明显的直线式,表达直接明了;而汉语是螺旋式,表达迂回、隐含。因此,中国学生在英文写作时较少直观地表达写作目的。